A 60-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 2-month history of difficulty sleeping. She indicates that she usually sleeps upright in bed. She has a 20-year history of type II diabetes. Blood pressure is 115/70. Heart rate is 80/min. Physical examination shows ankle edema and jugular venous distention. Left ventricular ejection fraction is 35%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s edema?
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary permeability
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary permeability
Increased capillary oncotic pressure
