HY lecture notes: Hyperemesis gravidarum = excessive vomiting in early pregnancy leading to ketonuria. Vomiting in early pregnancy is normal, but at what point is it not? HG is diagnosed when …

  HY lecture notes: Labor in first trimester often presents as severe cramping/pelvic pain. Most abortions occur in first trimester and are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Threatened abortion –> closed …

  HY lecture notes: Young woman, high fever, foul-smelling discharge per vaginum, small laceration on the cervix, unwanted pregnancy –> septic abortion; laceration is from an attempt to self-terminate the …

  HY lecture notes: Uteroplacental insufficiency = placental under-perfusion –> caused by things like SLE (lupus anticoagulant), anti-phospholipid syndrome, smoking, and cocaine use. Leads to recurrent miscarriage in the setting …

  HY lecture notes: Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a really HY diagnosis that contrasts with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). TTN –> TERM neonate who was born via …

  HY lecture notes: If USMLE asks you how to decrease risk of type II diabetes mellitus the most – low-carbohydrate diet or low-calorie diet – what’s the answer? –> …

  HY lecture info: TB diagnosis2 PPD skin test is performed first diagnostically. If history of BCG vaccine, do interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) instead. Do not do IGRA in addition …

  HY lecture notes: Gold salts + sulfa drugs –> membranous glomerulonephritis –> nephrotic syndrome. Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) –> acute tubular necrosis –> oliguria + dark urine with muddy brown …

  HY lecture notes: Juvenile dermatomyositis –> shawl rash (over upper back / back of neck); heliotrope rash (violaceous eyelids; don’t confuse with malar rush of SLE); Gottron papules over …

  HY lecture notes: Bone age = chronologic age = true short stature. Bone age less than chronologic age = constitutional short stature (right-shifted growth curve) –> parents normal height, …